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World War 3: Barack Obama deploying U.S. forces throughout Africa! Use of Domino theory is more evidence of U.S. invasion of Mali! UN OKs Mali war!

On 24 December 2012, the Associated Press revealed that the United States is deploying thousands of troops to 35 African countries.

Approximately 4,000 personnel from the U.S. Army’s 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division (Dagger Brigade, based at Fort Riley, Kansas), will deploy in March 2013.  This report follows earlier reports that plans were being made to invade Mali.

On 23 December, the Associated Press published an article which revealed that the United Nations Security Council approved the request of the African Union (AU) for military action in Mali.  It just so happens that the AU invasion plan calls for at least 3,300 troops.

It’s also coincidentally convenient that some of the U.S. Army’s Dagger Brigade soldiers are from Africa: “We do have some soldiers who either came over from Africa and went to school here and then joined the military or came over with their families.”-Colonel Jeff Broadwater

Officially the deployment is for training purposes.

Regarding Mali, a 25 December 2012 National Public Radio (NPR) report gave strong proof that the U.S. is about to ramp up activity in the western African country; one U.S. General is using the old Domino theory to justify war:  “What I worry about more than anything is a growing linkage which I think poses the greatest threat to regional stability across Africa, certainly into Europe and to the United States as well.”-General Carter Ham, U.S. Africa Command

NPR also interviewed an analyst who says ‘terrorism’ in Africa is more about poverty and predatory governments (like the U.S. government?): “Terrorism is really a symptom of a lot of other problems that really the military is not the best organization to solve.”-Richard Downie

You’d think after 11 years of failed War on Terrorism our exalted leaders would understand that.

What Economic Recovery? United Nations says it ain’t gonna happen

A recent economic report from the UN says western economies (Europe, North America, Japan) will not see any recovery of the tens of millions of job losses since 2008, for at least five more years.

UN economists point to low projected GDP numbers as proof: “This pace of growth will be far from sufficient to overcome the continued jobs crisis that many countries are still facing.”-World Economic Situation and Prospects 2013

World War 3: U.S. occupation of Afghanistan; 17 – 24 December 2012. Lil’ol Afghan Woman kills big tough U.S. cop! Police commander kills own cops? Spain says they will stay after the 2014 pullout! More proof taxpayers are fools! Soviet landmines still at work!

24 December 2012

ISAF said: “An International Security Assistance Force service member died following an insurgent attack in eastern Afghanistan today.”

In Badghis Province, local government officials reporting that at least ten local cops joined the Mujahideen.  This is the largest group defection in the province, so far.  People of the Chehl-Gazi area, in Abkamari district, say the cops had been making plans to become Mujahideen for some time.

In Kabul city, a local policewoman shot and killed a U.S. police adviser.  Reports say it happened in a police station. The policewoman has been arrested.  Some reports say the policewoman was seeking vengeance against her male supervisors, however she could not find them in the police station, and her only target of opportunity was the U.S. adviser.

23 December 2012

In Jowzjan Province, five local cops were assassinated, by their own commander! Some reports say the commander joined the Mujahideen and started his rebellion by attacking a police check point, killing his former underlings. However, other reports say the commander was kidnapped when Mujahideen attacked the police check point.  The commander was responsible for recently freeing two Turkish citizens that had been kidnapped.

International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) said: “During an operation in Sherzad district, Nangarhar Province, Sunday, an Afghan and coalition security force killed Obaidullah, one of the top Taliban leaders in the district.”

Possibly in response, Mujahideen attacked a U.S. led military convoy in Nangarhar Province. Reports say as many as ten U.S. personnel were killed, along with three civilians. No comment from ISAF.

In Kabul city, 600 shops burned up after a fire started in a busy market. Some reports say people were hurt, and that the fire was caused by an electrical short circuit.  However, the city police chief says they are looking for a private security guard, working at the market, who went missing right before the fire stated.

22 December 2012

In Ghanzi Province, Ghazni city, an explosion wounded three people.  It was caused by a bicycle bomb, local police say the target was an intelligence officer.

Pakistan is accusing Afghanistan of torture, and has closed its borders: “The Government of Pakistan takes serious note of the incident involving 29 Pakistanis who were returning from Afghanistan and were badly beaten en-route reportedly by Afghan forces despite having valid travel documents/passports.”-Pakistani Foreign Ministry statement

After several investigations revealed that most of the corruption in Afghanistan involves taxpayer money laundering by foreigners (like the U.S.), President Hamid Karzai blasted them: “Corruption in Afghanistan is a reality, a bitter reality. The part of this corruption that is in our offices is a small part: that is bribes. The other part of corruption, the large part, is hundreds of millions dollars that are not ours. We shouldn’t blame ourselves for that. That part is from others and imposed on us.”

The Spanish Prime Minister, and the Defense Minister, paid a visit to a Spanish NATO logistics base in Herat Province.  It was the first time the Spanish Prime Minister, Mariano Rajoy, was in Afghanistan.  He said some Spanish NATO troops will stay in Afghanistan past the official 2014 U.S./NATO pullout.

Afghanistan uses the Solar Hijri calendar system, and their lawmakers have just rejected the budget for the upcoming year of 1392.  The main reasons is that the proposed budget is not balanced and there is hardly any funding for infrastructure.  Most of the funding was slated for police and military.

21 December 2012

Apparently there was a media blackout on this day.

20 December 2012

In Nimroz Province, two Afghan security personnel and five civilians were killed, and one cop wounded, after a large roadside bomb exploded.  Government officials say they’re investigating to find out what happened.

The Georgian Ministry of Defense revealed that one of their soldiers has been missing since 19 December. Georgia has troops based in Helmand Province.

A report says that female cops in Afghanistan are enduring sexual harassment, even rape, at the hands of male cops. One female cop said most of the men wish the Taliban were in charge again: “They want it to be like the time of the Taliban. They tell us every day we are bad women and should not be allowed to work here.”

The United States Army wants to execute Sergeant Robert Bales, accused of mass murder of two Afghan families.  There are those who think the U.S. is making a scapegoat out of Bales because many witnesses said there were at least 20 U.S. soldiers involved.  Afghan police investigation also concluded the killings involved more than one shooter.

19 December 2012

Yet another report says Green on Blue attacks are caused by U.S./NATO personnel treating their Afghan counterparts like crap.  The latest report actually involves U.S. military investigation, which said the majority of Green on Blue attacks were due to “personal issues”, not Mujahideen infiltrating Afghan government forces; 38% were likely to have been triggered by personal motives, 14% were attributed to co-option (insurgents persuaded a member of the security forces to help carry out an attack), only 6% were suspected cases of enemy infiltration.

Yet another report says U.S. taxpayer money being thrown away in Afghanistan.  The U.S. State Department’s Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) found that millions of U.S. dollars have been given to contractors who did no work. One example is $5.76 million given to a contractor to do electrical utility work, which was never completed.  The scams involve the military as well: “Almost $12.8 million in equipment purchased to meet urgent needs in support of the counterinsurgency strategy is sitting unused in storage… without a clear plan for installation.”-John Sopko, SIGAR

18 December 2012

In Nangarhar Province, unknown gunmen assassinated a movie actor.  There is no explanation other than the actor might have been a social activist.

In Kandahar Province, four border cops were killed, and three wounded, by a fellow border cop.  Investigators say the victims were first poisoned before being shot.

In Nuristan Province, reports of heavy fighting between Afghan government forces and Mujahideen.  Government officials claim they’ve killed three Mujahideen, the Mujahideen claim they’ve killed or wounded several government personnel.

17 December 2012

In Kabul city, the office of a U.S. military contractor, Contrack International, was hit with a car bomb: “A small truck packed with explosives detonated between Contrack and Najeeb Zarab factories, one person is dead and 15 others are wounded.”-Mohammad Ayoub Salangi, Kabul police chief

In Nangarhar Province, ten girls were killed when they set off a landmine while collecting firewood.  Local government officials said the landmine apparently had been there since the Soviet occupation in the 1980s.

World War 3: Japan withdraws from Golan Heights, Israel conducting wargames for new kind of enemy, blaming Syrian ‘civil’ war

21 December 2012, the United Nations renewed its peacekeeper observation mission in the Golan Heights, but Japan says no more and is pulling out.

On 19 December, the UN Security Council extended the Golan Heights mission to 30 June 2013.  On 21 December, Japanese media reporting that Japan’s Defense Minister, Satoshi Morimoto, ordered the Japanese Self Defense Forces (SDF) peacekeeper contingent out of the Golan.  Interestingly, the Israeli media reported on the Japanese pullout back on 11 December!

Japanese officials blame the Syrian ‘civil’ war.

It’s that same reasoning that the Israeli government is using for increased military activity in the Golan.  For the first time ever, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) combat exercises, in the Golan Heights, were held during the Hanukkah holiday.  The Netzach Yehuda battalion, from the Kfir Brigade, now holds that distinction.

Battalion leaders revealed the combat training is for an enemy Israel is not used to fighting: “The fact that the exercise is aimed at fighting against a different enemy, which behaves differently from what we are used to, is a new and special thing for the fighters, and therefore this is a great professional improvement.”-Lieutenant Colonel Telem Chazan

The Japanese SDF had been observing the ‘peace’ in the Golan since 1996, and this is the first time the Japanese government has ended a peacekeeping mission for security reasons.

Israel took the Golan from Syria during the 1967 war, and again during the 1973 war. Then in 1981 Israelis passed the Golan Heights Law, a way of unofficially annexing the territory.  But as far back as 1967 the United Nations passed UNSCR 242, which has as demand number one: “Withdrawal of Israel armed forces from territories occupied….” 

There is also the UN General Assembly resolution 3414 (XXX) of 05 December 1975: “…immediate, unconditional and total withdrawal of Israel from the Arab territories occupied since 1967.”

UN Security Council resolution 497 of 17 December 1981: “…the Israeli decision to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration in the occupied Syrian Golan was null and void and without international legal effect…”

But ironically it’s the U.S./European/Israeli backed Syrian ‘civil’ war that has the UNSC extending the peacekeeping mission in the Golan Heights: “Recent incidents across the cease-fire line have shown the potential for escalation of tensions between Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic, and jeopardize the cease-fire between the two countries.”

Sounds like a set up, to me.

Corporate Evil: Mitsubishi ripped off its biggest customer; taxpayers! More proof that Western Capitalist Corporations are welfare scammers!

21 December 2012, the government of Japan is hitting Mitsubishi Electric with hundreds of millions of dollars in fines, after an investigation revealed that the manufacturing giant ripped off taxpayers for at least ten years.

Japan’s Defense Ministry says Mitsubishi Electric overcharged taxpayers on military contracts, to the tune of $295 million USD.

Japan’s JAXA space agency announced that Mitsubishi Electric overcharged the taxpayers by around $74 million.

Mitsubishi must now pay back the overcharges, plus fines, but doesn’t have the money.  But at least the executives of the Japanese company are more responsible than their U.S. unAmerican Corporate America counterparts; Mitsubishi execs will cut their pay in half for at least six months to try and help the company pay the piper (so they say).

Mitsubishi is already in trouble as their sales in China are crashing, and they expect only half of the profits they were forecasting at the beginning of the year.

Dumb ‘mericans & Incompetent Media! Fiscal Cliff done deal! Almost the exact same politicians trying to ‘stop’ fiscal cliff are the ones who created it!

21 December 2012, I wonder how many Dumb ‘mericans out there think the “fiscal cliff” is some kind-o-god sent law, like the ten commandments.  Well, it’s a done deal but not because of any divine power, it was created by almost the very same ‘elected’ republicans and democrats who now act like they’re trying to stop it.

Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, John Boehner, cancelled 21 December’s vote on a proposal designed to draw concessions from President Barack Obama.  But don’t blame Obama, that starts with President George W. Bush, and it was Congress who wrote the law!

The tax increases and government spending cuts can be traced back to the Bush tax cuts, aka Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001.  But it’s not that simple, as it involves successive Acts passed under the Bush and Obama administrations (Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003, Tax Relief American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 [aka Stimulus] Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization and Job Creation Act of 2010 and finally Budget Control Act of 2011).

All those ‘Acts’ were intended to save the economy through tax reductions and government spending increases.  However, most of the tax reductions helped only the ultra-rich and the Too Big to Fails (it’s now clear they did not spend it on creating the millions of new jobs economists said were needed), and most spending increases (like the military) came with spending cuts elsewhere (like social programs).

So almost every elected official in the U.S. Congress, now, are the same people that created those Acts, and if not the same person it’s the very same political parties controlling the House and Senate, remember the recent ‘elections’?

In their wisdom they threw in massive ‘automatic’ austerity cuts if their previous efforts to save the U.S. economy failed.  They claim they’re ‘automatic’ because they can through up their hands and say “Oh, we can’t do anything about it, it’s the law!”  Yeah, the very law they created!

And then there’s the incompetent media, who’s giving us daily reports on the ‘progress’ being made to stop the fiscal cliff.  Idiots!  It’s a done deal!  Think about it, what is(are) the plan(s) our elected officials are coming up with?  Tax increases and spending cuts!  In other words what we’re facing is either massive austerity measures or tax increases and government spending cuts.  Austerity is austerity, but if you’ve been paying attention to what’s happening in many European countries then you should know this isn’t over.  Most Euro countries (especially Greece) have been passing austerity measures, only to have to turn around and pass more tax increases and government spending cuts just a few months later.

No matter how you look at it, the Fiscal Cliff is a done deal!

 

World War 3: U.S. occupation of Afghanistan; 13 – 16 December 2012. Norwegians join Mujahideen! Karzai admits healthcare is a big business scam! UN counters claims by USMC General Allen! First taxpayer cash being stolen from Afghan banks, now gold! Poland agrees to give Afghanistan more taxpayer money! No More Frenchies?

16 December 2012

In Kabul Province, city of Kabul, the Ariana Hotel near the Kota-e-Sangi caught fire.  The hotel is also home to many financial businesses.  Fire officials say it looks like the fire started in a coffee shop during a wedding celebration.

In Kandahar Province, Khakrez and Shahwalikot district in Geri area, reports say a U.S. led heliborne operation resulted in five Mujahideen killed and nine civilians killed.  Locals say the nine civilians that were killled were pulled out of their farm fields and houses by the U.S. led troops, and then executed!

Iran is demanding the government of Afghanistan must pay for damages to the Iranian consulate in Herat Province.   Hundreds of Afghans attacked the consulate over the Iranian execution of Afghans. Iranian officials say the Afghans were caught smuggling drugs into Iran.

President Hamid Karzai has stated that there is no “proper” healthcare system in his country.  Afghanistan’s medical providers are increasingly concerned only with money.  Karzai made the statements at a medical ethics conference.  Afghan lawmaker, Naqibullah Fayeq, said doctors who’re supposed to be providing services in government run hospitals are going AWOL, in search of patients who’ll pay them more money: “….they have forgotten about their formal duties in government hospitals. They are coming to hospital at 10:30 am and leaves the hospital 11:00 am!”

For awhile now there have been growing admissions that foreign taxpayers’ aid money is being withdraw from Afghan banks in scandalous amounts, and taken out of the country.  Now, the New York Times reports that gold is being stolen as well!  According to Afghan airport officials one gold haul was worth $1.5 million USD, and most of it is going to U.S. allies such as Dubai and United Arab Emirates.

15 December 2012

In Herat province, in Gazra district’s Malan area, Mujahideen claim to have assassinated the local government head of 4th District Logistics.

Poland has signed a deal that will give Afghanistan more taxpayer money from Europe: “The signing of this agreement will further enhance and strengthen the relations and the wide range of cooperation between the two countries. Over the past ten years Poland has had a significant contribution to the reconstruction of and securing peace in Afghanistan. The signing of this agreement today will provide investment opportunities by the Polish side in Afghanistan.”-Zalmai Rassoul, Foreign Minister of Afghanistan

Reports say the last of France’s combat troops have left Afghanistan, two years early.   U.S./NATO “pullout” isn’t until 2014, but 200 soldiers of the 25th Belfort Infantry Regiment left on Saturday.  Look out Syria! Look out Mali!   France still has about 1,500 logistics/admin/training troops in Afghanistan.

Despite the fact that President Karzai is negotiating with the U.S. about keeping U.S. troops in Afghanistan, he publicly stated that he wants all foreign troops out by 2014: “From our vision, the fight against terrorism is not in Afghanistan…That is why we do not want military operations in our villages, in our houses….”

14 December 2012

International Security Assistance Force said: “A U.S. Forces-Afghanistan service member died as a result of a non-battle related injury December 14, in southern Afghanistan.”

The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) has released a report that contradicts claims made by USMC General John Allen, that violence in Afghanistan is down.  The UN reports said violence against civilians is up 28% from last year!

The USMC is going to make a single NCO the scapegoat for the 2011 body urination desecration scandal: “Staff Sgt Joseph W Chamblin would be tried by special court-martial at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina on December 19.”

General Knud Bartels, Chairman of NATO’s Military Committee, said the U.S. led occupation of Afghanistan will not end up like it did for the Soviet Union, precisely because Russia is now a NATO ally, and is working to help NATO in Afghanistan:  “If I can walk away from my visit having achieved a personal, open and transparent relationship with the Russian Military leadership, then the visit has been a success. We are here today to confirm our strong cooperation and partnership. Confirm our NATO-Russia Council cooperation menu and push our relations to a new stage.”

More warmongering against Pakistan.  U.S. Army Lieutenant General, Michael Barbero, testified to the U.S. Congress that more than 1,900 U.S. personnel have been wounded or killed by homemade bombs (IEDs), just this year.  He blamed Pakistan, and told congressmen to expect even more casualties if no action was taken against Pakistan.  He claimed that 70% of the components for the homemade bombs come from Pakistan.

In United Kingdom, the Sandhurst Royal Military Academy announced that two of its top three military students are from Afghanistan.

13 December 2102

In Kandahar Province, outside Kandahar airbase, Mujahideen claim to have attacked the U.S./NATO base and killed eight occupiers.  Other reports say a U.S. led ISAF convoy was hit by a car bomb.  Four U.S. personnel were killed, along with one Afghan National Army troop, and at least 16 civilians were wounded: “I can confirm that insurgents detonated a vehicle-borne improvised explosive device in the vicinity of Kandahar airfield. Currently ISAF officials are on the scene collecting facts and assessing the situation and as information becomes available we will release it as appropriate.”-unnamed U.S. spokesperson

U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Nicholas J. Reid died in a hospital in Germany. He was gravely wounded by an explosion in Afghanistan, on 09 December.

In Herat Province, Mujahideen tried to assassinate a senior government security official.  A firefight broke out and one body guard was killed.

In Ghazni Province, local government officials say the Mujahideen are winning over locals by focusing on solving ethnic/tribal issues.  This is more proof that ‘government’ does not really care about the needs of the people.

Norwegian intelligence officials (Etterretningstjenesten, aka E-tjenesten) have confirmed that Norwegian citizens have joined Afghan Mujahideen, and even attacked Norwegian troops (yes, I’m surprised at how many people think Norway is a neutral country).  Lieutenant General, Kjell Grandhagen, said this has been going on for several years: “Norwegians were directly tied to carrying out or attempting armed attacks against Afghan authorities and/or the ISAF, where Norwegian soldiers are also involved.”

Pakistan said there are still 2.6 million Afghan refugees in their country.  Despite threats from the Pakistani government, and incentives (money) from the United Nations, most of the refugees refuse to go back to U.S. occupied Afghanistan.

Outgoing U.S. special envoy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, Marc Grossman, said the new security pact will ensure that the U.S. will not leave Afghanistan: “I think there will be an agreement in this regard since the security agreement will be in the national interest of Afghanistan and United States. The strategic pact between Kabul and Washington has paved the way for security pact between the two nations. We know that the security pact will be as an agreement for the presence of U.S. troops in Afghanistan.”

U.S. Civil War(?) & Government Evil: U.S. House member uses fallacious Apple to Oranges anti-gun argument, uses false numbers!

“In the United States, we had 9,000 people killed with guns last year, in similar countries like Germany 170 killed with guns, in Canada 150….”-Jerrold Nadler, Representative from New York

Germany has a population of 81,799,000, in a geographical area of 357,021 square km (137,847 square miles).

Canada has a population of 33,476,688 in an even larger area of 9,984,670 square km (3,854,085 square miles).

United States has a population of 311,591,917, in a geographical area slightly smaller than Canada!  The U.S. population is 9 times bigger than Canada, and 3.8 times bigger than Germany.

Now realize that Canada and Germany have much stricter gun control laws, and yet they suffer hundreds of gun related deaths every year.  This seems like proof that gun control doesn’t work.

Also, the numbers for Canada and Germany, used by Representative Nadler, are false!  According to the UN World Health Organization, in 2010 there were 1.1 gun related homicides, per 100,000 people in Germany.  That’s more than the 150 Representative Nadler claimed!

For some reason, official death by gun rates in Canada are hard to find, but one study said that in 2003 homicide by gun was about 0.5 per 100,000 people.   That’s still more than what Representative Nadler claims.

But if we’re going to compare country to country, let’s do!

Representative Nadler also avoided comparing the U.S. to South Africa, El Salvador and Thailand.  They actually have a far higher death by shooting rate than the U.S., and they have tougher gun control laws.

One Thai commentator hypocritically said the U.S. culture is to blame for gun crimes.   A 2002 study said Thailand had 20,032 homicides by gun in the year 2000!  In 2008 the homicide by gun rate was 5.9 victims for every 100,000 people.  It’s estimated that there are 10,000,000 guns in Thailand (a country smaller than California), but only 3,870,000 are legally registered.  So much for gun control!

The UN Office of Drugs and Crime reported 9.41 gun related deaths, per 100,000 people in South Africa, so far this year! Do the math, that’s more than the United States.  South Africa has stricter gun laws than the United States, those laws include registering your gun with the government.

El Salvador is the world leader in gun related deaths.  According to the Organization of American States, in 2011 there were 50.36 gun related deaths per 100,000 people in the tiny Central American country!  Do the math, that blows away anything in the United States.  “El Salvador has strict laws requiring a locally obtained license to possess or carry a firearm in the country.”-U.S. Department of State

According to the Organization of American States, in 2010 the United States had a total of 9 gun related deaths for every 100,000 people.  Of that 2.98 were homicides, 5.75 suicides and 0.27 accidental.  More gun control might mean less suicides!

Note: I don’t think these death by gun rates include people killed by police.

World War 3: Hungarian lawmaker arrested for burning Israeli flag! Proof Israeli NAZI cops target their own people! Palestinians continue to be killed!

14 December 2012, Balazs Lenhardt, a Hungarian Member of Parliament, was briefly detained after he burned an Israeli flag.

There is a growing number of Hungarian politicians who’re are coming out condemning their country’s secret agreements with Israel.

Israel continues to attack Palestinians. The most recent was a man who was shot as he walked along a Gaza border fence.  Also on Friday,  Israeli NAZI forces assaulted two Reuters photogs in West Bank.  The photogs were in a vehicle marked “TV”, the Israeli NAZI forces drug the men from the press car and hit them with their assault rifles. The Israeli NAZI forces said they thought the photogs were actually working for an Israeli human rights group known as B’Tselem.  This means the Israeli NAZI forces thought they were targeting fellow Israelis!

On 13 December, Israeli NAZI forces shot and killed a 17 years old Palestinian, in the West Bank.  They claim he threatened them with a toy gun.  His parents say they were waiting for him to come home from school, because it was his birthday.

On 12 December, Israeli NAZI forces killed a Palestinian in the West Bank.  Witnesses say the 16 years old boy was shot at least six times.  Israeli NAZI cops say he threatened them with a toy gun.

On 11 December, Israeli NAZI forces raided several NGO human rights offices in West Bank.  They took computers and video cameras.

 

 

World War 3: Former Soviet leader says United States about to collapse

On 13 December 2012, the first and last president of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, warned that the United States is about to follow the same path as the Soviet union; total collapse!

He made the statements at a conference in Turkey.  The conference is about the future of the Middle East and Black Sea areas.

Gorbachev said if the U.S. does not stop hegemonic policies it will collapse.  On 26 December 1991 the Union of soviet Socialists Republic collapsed into 15 independent republics.  Gorbachev said the collapse of the Soviet Union was mainly due to the costs of fighting wars, especially the Soviet occupation of  Afghanistan.

Note: The office of President of the U.S.S.R. (CCCP) was not created until March 1990, as part of their feeble attempt to reform their system, which is how Gorbachev became the “first and last” President of the USSR.